P1 Ambergris and Amber龙涎香与琥珀(旧题)
　　P2 Orientation of bird 鸟类导航(旧题)

　　P3 星球形成理论

       1. 本次考试难度较难。
　　2. 整体分析：涉及生物类(P1)、生物类(P2)与科技类(P3)
　　3. 主要题型：
　　本场雅思阅读又又又又上热搜了，20多道配对题，把很多学生心态做崩了。今天的文章题材命中了我们上周提到的生物类，而且一考考两篇，分别是有关动植物衍生产品的龙涎香与琥珀(机经旧题)，还有鸟的飞行导航能力。P3考生普遍表示非常难，主要是由于题材为天体物理，搭配了数量非常大的matching题型，很难在规定时间内做完题目。
　　本次考试主要考察填空题(13题)，配对题(23题)，判断题(4题)
　　4. P1 Ambergris and Amber龙涎香与琥珀
　　文章大意：关于龙涎香的特征及来源，和琥珀的对比，在实际生活中的应用
　　题型搭配： 分类匹配 6 summary填空 3 判断 4
　　参考答案：
　　1. C
　　2. A
　　3. D
　　4. B
　　5. A
　　6. A
　　7. beaks
　　8. vomiting
　　9. hardens
　　10. T
　　11. NG
　　12. F
　　13. NG
　　参考原文：
　　Ambergris
　　A The name ambergris is derived from the Spanish “ambar gris”, ambar meaning amber (琥珀) and gris meaning grey, thus the name signifies grey amber. The use of ambergris in Europe is now entirely confined to perfumery-as a material of perfumery. Its high price varies from$15 to$25 an ounce, though it formerly occupied on inconsiderable place in medicine. Ambergris was also decorated and worn as jewelry, particularly during the Renaissance.It occupies a very important place in the perfumery of the East, and there it is also used in pharmacy(药物)and as a flavouring material in cookery.
　　B Amber, however, is quite a different substance from ambergris and this discrepancy (矛盾) has puzzled some people. Amber is the fossilized resin from trees that was quite familiar to Europeans long before the discovery of the New World, and prized for jewelry. Although considered a gem, amber is a hard, transparent and wholly-organic material derived from the resin of extinct species of trees. In the dense forests of the Middle Cretaceous and Tertiary periods, between 10 and 100 million years ago, these resin-bearing trees fell and were carried by rivers to coastal regions. There, the trees and their resins became covered with sediment (沉淀物), and over millions of years the resin hardened into amber.
　　C Ambergris and amber are related by the fact that both wash up on beaches. Ambergris is a solid, waxy and flammable substance of a dull 2rey or blackish color, with the shades being variegated 1ike marble. It possesses a peculiar sweet，earthy odour not unlike isopropyl alcohol (异丙醇). It is now known to be a morbid secretion formed in the intestines of the sperm whale, found in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Being a very lightweight material, ambergris is found floating upon the sea, on the sea coast, or in the sand near the sea coast.It is met with in the Atlantic Ocean, on the coasts Of Brazil and Madagascar; also on the coast Of Africa, of the East Indies, China, Japan, and the Molucca Islands; but most of the ambergris which is brought to England comes from the Bahama Islands. It is also sometimes found in the abdomen of whales; it is always in lumps in various shapes and sizes, weighing from 1/ 2 oz. to 100 or more lb. A piece which the Dutch East India Company bought from the King of Tydore weighed 182 lb. An American fisherman from Antigua found, Inside a whale, about 52 1eagues south-east from the Windward Islands, a piece of ambergris which weighed about l 30 lb, and sold for 500 sterling.
　　D Like many other substances regarding the origin of which there existed some obscurity or mystery, ambergris in former times possessed a value, and had properties attributed to it, more on account of the source from which it was drawn than from its inherent qualities. Many ridiculous hypotheses were started to account for its origin, and among others it was conjectured(推测)to be the solidified foam of the sea, a fungous growth in the ocean similar to the fungi which form on trees.
　　E The true source and character of ambergris was first satisfactorily established by Dr. Swediaur in a communication to the Royal Society. It was found by Dr. Swediaur that ambergris very frequently contained the horny mandibles (下颌 骨)or beaks of the squid, on which the sperm whales are known to feed. That observation, in connection with the fact of ambergris being frequently taken from the intestines (肠)of the sperm whale, sufficiently proved that the substance is produced by the whale’s intestine as a means of facilitating the passage of undigested hard, sharp beaks of squid that the whale has eaten.
　　F It was further observed that the whales in which ambergris was found were either dead or much wasted and evidently in a sickly condition. From this it was inferred that ambergris is in some way connected with a morbid (病 态的)condition of the sperm whale. Often expelled by vomiting, ambergris floats in chunks on the water and is of a deep grey colour, soft consistence, and an offensive, disagreeable smell. Following months to years of photo-degradation andoxidation in the ocean, this precursor gradually hardens, developing a dark grey or black colour, a crusty and waxy texture, and a peculiar odour that is at once sweet, earthy, marine, and animalist. Its smell has been described by many as a vastly richer and smoother version of isopropanol without its
　　stinging harshness.
　　G In that condition its specific gravity ranges from 0.780 to 0.926. It melts at a temperature of about 145 F into a fatty yellow resin-like liquid.It is soluble in ether, volatile and fixed oils, but only feebly acted on by acids. By digesting in hot alcohol, a peculiar substance termed ambrein is obtained. In chemical constitution ambrein very closely resembles cholesterin (胆固醇), a principle found abundantly in biliary calculi (胆 道结石) . It is therefore more than probable that ambergris, from the position in which it is found and its chemical constitution, is a biliary concretion analogous to what is formed in other mammals.
　　H The industries founded on ambergris resulted in the slaughter of sperm whales ( 抹 香鲸) almost to extinction. Sperm whales were killed in two massive hunts, the Moby Dick whalers who worked mainly between 1740-1 880, and the modem whalers whose operations peaked in 1 964, when 29,255 were killed. Most recent estimates suggest a global population of about 360,000 animals down from about 1,100,000 before whaling. In the 20th century, 90% of ambergris was derived in the processing of killing sperm whales. To this day, ambergris is still the most expensive product in the whole body of sperm whale. Depending on its quality, raw ambergris fetches approximately 20 USD per gram. In the United States, possession of any part of an endangered species-including ambergris that has washed ashore-is a violation of the Endangered Species Act of 1978.
　　I Historically, the primary commercial use of ambergris has been in fragrance chemistry. However, it is difficult to get a consistent and reliable supply of high quality ambergris. Due to demand for ambergris and its high price, replacement compounds have been sought out by the fragrance industry and chemically synthesized. The most important of these is Ambrox (降龙涎醚), which has taken its place as the most widely used amber odorant in perfume manufacture. Procedures for the microbial production of Ambrox have also been devised.
　　Questions 1-5
　　.................................................................................
　　Classify the following statement as applying to
　　A Ambergris only
　　B Amber only
　　C Both amber and ambergris
　　D Neither amber nor ambergris
　　1 very expensive
　　2 food flavor
　　3 used as currency
　　4 referred to in a communication
　　5 could be seen through
　　Questions 6-9
　　................................................................................
　　Summary
　　Complete the Summary paragraph described below in boxes 6—9 on your answer
　　sheet. Write the correct answer with one word.
　　The formation of ambergris experiences several stages. First, when sperm whale eats the hard and sharp 6 of squid, its intestine will produce ambergris to facilitate the 7 Then, ambergris can be 8 up by sperm whale and float on the water. After months of exposure on air, it 9 and the color turns dark grey or black.
　　Question 10-13
　　...............................................................................
　　Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
　　In boxes 10-13 on your sheet, write
　　TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
　　FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
　　NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
　　10 In the 20th century, most ambergris was made in the process of killing sperm
　　whale.
　　11 Ambergris’s cost increased recently.
　　12 Ambergris still remains in the perfume making.
　　13 Ambergris is still the most important amber odorant in perfume manufacture.
　　5. P2 Orientation of birds 鸟类导航能力
　　文章大意：文章讲述鸟类迁徙和定位导航的现象和原理。
　　题型搭配： 填空题7 配对7
　　参考答案待补充
　　原文待补充
　　6. P3 星球形成理论
　　文章大意： 讲述了木星等天体形成的理论
　　题型搭配：配对题 10 选词填空summary 3
　　参考答案待补充
　　原文待补充

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